Canadian clinical trial registry

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Study Description

Brief Summary:

Quizartinib is an experimental drug. It is not approved for regular use. It can only be used in medical research.

Children or young adults with a certain kind of blood cancer (FLT3-ITD AML) might be able to join this study if it has come back after remission or is not responding to treatment.

Detailed Description:

The medical condition being investigated is relapsed or refractory AML in participants aged ≥1 month to ≤21 years with Feline McDonough Sarcoma (FMS)-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3)-internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations (FLT3-ITD AML), following failure of front-line intensive chemotherapy.

The trial will be conducted in multiple phases. An independent data monitoring committee (DMC) will protect the rights, safety, and well-being of participants by monitoring the progress and results. The DMC will comprise qualified physicians and scientists who are not Investigators in the study and not otherwise directly associated with the Sponsor and will be convened at the end of Phase 1.

A. Dose Escalation/De-escalation Phase:

Number of participants is determined by age group. Participants will be enrolled by dose-level to determine the recommended Phase 2 dose (RP2D) of quizartinib for pediatric participants that provides similar exposure to adult patients treated at the target adult dose of 60 mg orally once daily.

B. Dose-Expansion Phase:

Participants will receive the RP2D of quizartinib for their respective age group.

During both dose escalation and dose expansion phases, participants will receive:

Re-Induction Therapy

• Intrathecal (IT) triple chemotherapy prophylaxis prior to and between cycles
• In re-induction Cycles 1 and 2, fludarabine/cytarabine (FLA) followed by quizartinib as a single agent

Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) Period:

After re-induction therapy, participants will be evaluated for eligibility to undergo allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Eligible participants may receive a single 28-day cycle of consolidation therapy (standard of care chemotherapy with or without quizartinib) if an allogeneic HSCT is not available immediately. The options for consolidation therapy are as follows:

• High intensity chemotherapy with quizartinib, or
• Low intensity chemotherapy alone, or
• Low intensity therapy with quizartinib as a single agent

Continuation Therapy:

Participants in remission after HSCT, or who are not eligible for HSCT but achieve at least a partial remission (PR) after re-induction, will receive up to 12 continuous 28-day cycles of quizartinib continuation therapy at the same dose received during re-induction in the dose expansion phase.

Long-term Follow-up:

The long-term follow-up phase begins upon completion of 12 cycles of quizartinib Continuation Therapy or permanent discontinuation of quizartinib at any time. After completion of the 30-day safety follow-up visit, subsequent visits will occur at the following frequencies to assess survival and anti-leukemic treatments:

• every 3 months for the first 2 years, and then
• once a year thereafter until the last participant enrolled has been followed for three years from the date of enrollment

Inclusion Criteria

• Has diagnosis of AML according to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2008 classification with >5% blasts in bone marrow, with or without extramedullary disease
• Is in first relapse or refractory to first-line high-dose chemotherapy with no more than 1 attempt (1 to 2 cycles of induction chemotherapy) at remission induction - prior HSCT is permitted
• Has presence of the FLT3-ITD activating mutation in bone marrow or peripheral blood as defined in the protocol
• Is between 1 month and 21 years of age at the time the Informed Consent/Assent form is signed
• Has protocol-defined adequate performance status score
• Has fully recovered from the acute clinically significant toxicity effects of all prior chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiotherapy, per protocol guidelines
• Has protocol-defined adequate renal, hepatic and cardiac functions
• If of reproductive potential, is permanently sterile or agrees to use highly effective birth control upon enrollment, during the period of therapy, and for 6 months following the last dose of study drug or cytarabine, whichever is later
• If female of child-bearing potential, tests negative for pregnancy and agrees not to breast feed
• Participant/legal representative is capable of understanding the investigational nature of the study, potential risks, and benefits, and the patient (and/or legal representative) signs a written assent/informed consent
• Meets protocol-specified guidelines before inclusion in the continuation therapy phase

Exclusion Criteria

• Has been diagnosed with isolated central nervous system relapse, certain kinds of leukemia, or with myeloid proliferations related to Down syndrome
• Has uncontrolled or pre-defined significant cardiovascular disease as detailed in the protocol
• Has systemic fungal, bacterial, viral or other infection that is exhibiting ongoing signs/symptoms related to the infection without improvement despite appropriate antibiotics or other treatment. The patient must be off vasopressors and have negative blood cultures for at least 48 hours prior to the start of systematic protocol therapy.
• Has known active clinically relevant liver disease (e.g., active hepatitis B or active hepatitis C)
• Has known history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
• Has history of hypersensitivity to any of the study medications or their excipients
• Is receiving or is anticipated to receive concomitant chemotherapy, radiation, or immunotherapy other than as specified in the protocol
• Has any significant concurrent disease, illness, psychiatric disorder or social issue that would compromise subject safety or compliance, interfere with consent/assent, study participation, follow up, or interpretation of study results
• Is currently participating in another investigative interventional procedure (observational or long-term interventional follow-up is allowed)
• Is otherwise considered inappropriate for the study by the Investigator

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Study Description

Historically, medulloblastoma treatment has been determined by the amount of leftover disease present after surgery, also known as clinical risk (standard vs. high risk). Recent studies have shown that medulloblastoma is made up of distinct molecular subgroups which respond differently to treatment. This suggests that clinical risk alone is not adequate to identify actual risk of recurrence. In order to address this, we will stratify medulloblastoma treatment in this phase II clinical trial based on both clinical risk (low, standard, intermediate, or high risk) and molecular subtype (WNT, SHH, or Non-WNT Non-SHH). This stratified clinical and molecular treatment approach will be used to evaluate the following:

• To find out if participants with low-risk WNT tumors can be treated with a lower dose of radiation to the brain and spine, and a lower dose of the chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide while still achieving the same survival rate as past St. Jude studies with fewer side effects.
• To find out if adding targeted chemotherapy after standard chemotherapy will benefit participants with SHH positive tumors.
• To find out if adding new chemotherapy agents to the standard chemotherapy will improve the outcome for intermediate and high risk Non-WNT Non-SHH tumors.
• To define the cure rate for standard risk Non-WNT Non-SHH tumors treated with reduced dose cyclophosphamide and compare this to participants from the past St. Jude study.

All participants on this study will have surgery to remove as much of the primary tumor as safely possible, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The amount of radiation therapy and type of chemotherapy received will be determined by the participant's treatment stratum. Treatment stratum assignment will be based on the tumor's molecular subgroup assignment and clinical risk.

The participant will be assigned to one of three medulloblastoma subgroups determined by analysis of the tumor tissue for tumor biomarkers:

• WNT (Strata W): positive for WNT biomarkers
• SHH (Strata S): positive for SHH biomarkers
• Non-WNT Non-SHH, Failed, or Indeterminate (Strata N): negative for WNT and SHH biomarkers or results are indeterminable

Participants will then be assigned to a clinical risk group (low, standard, intermediate, or high) based on assessment of:

• How much tumor is left after surgery
• If the cancer has spread to other sites outside the brain [i.e., to the spinal cord or within the fluid surrounding the spinal cord, called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)]
• The appearance of the tumor cells under the microscope
• Whether or not there are chromosomal abnormalities in the tumor, and if present, what type (also called cytogenetics analysis)

Detailed Description:

Primary Objectives:

• To estimate the progression free survival distribution of WNT-medulloblastoma patients treated on Stratum W1 with reduced-dose craniospinal irradiation and reduced-dose cyclophosphamide.
• To estimate progression-free survival distribution of Non-WNT Non-SHH medulloblastoma patients treated on Stratum N1 with reduced dose cyclophosphamide.
• To estimate the progression free survival distribution of skeletally mature SHH medulloblastoma patients assigned to Stratum S1 and treated with oral maintenance therapy using a targeted SHH pathway inhibitor (vismodegib) after the adjuvant chemotherapy regimen is complete and to compare the outcome to molecularly and clinically matched historical controls from SJMB03 as well as outcome from other published cohorts.
• To evaluate the effect of an aerobic training intervention, delivered during the radiation therapy period and at home, prior to the start of chemotherapy, on cardiopulmonary fitness.
• To assess the impact of a computer-based working memory intervention (administered prophylactically at the end of chemotherapy), relative to standard of care, on a performance-based measure of working memory.

Secondary Objectives:

• To estimate overall survival distribution of WNT-medulloblastoma patients treated on Stratum W1 with reduced-dose craniospinal irradiation and reduced-dose cyclophosphamide and compare progression free and overall survival distributions to molecularly and clinically matched historical controls from St. Jude SJMB03 study.
• To estimate the progression free (in S1 skeletally immature and S2 both sub-strata) and overall survival distributions of SHH medulloblastoma patients enrolled on Strata S1 and S2 some of whom will be treated with oral maintenance therapy using a targeted SHH pathway inhibitor (vismodegib) after adjuvant chemotherapy regimen is complete and compare these outcomes to molecularly and clinically matched historical controls from SJMB03 as well as outcome from other published cohorts.
• To estimate the progression free and overall survival distributions of Non-WNT Non-SHH medulloblastoma patients treated on Strata N2 and N3 with 3 cycles of pemetrexed and gemcitabine in addition to 4 cycles of conventional adjuvant chemotherapy and compare the progression-free and overall survival distributions to molecularly and clinically matched historical controls from St. Jude SJMB03 study separately for each stratum.
• To estimate the overall survival distribution of Non-WNT Non-SHH medulloblastoma patients treated on Stratum N1 with reduced dose cyclophosphamide and compare progression free and overall survival distributions to molecularly and clinically matched historical controls from St. Jude SJMB03 study.
• To evaluate the feasibility and toxicity of adding pemetrexed and gemcitabine to adjuvant chemotherapy regimen of intermediate and high risk Non-WNT Non-SHH medulloblastoma patients (Strata N2 and N3).
• To evaluate the feasibility and toxicity of oral maintenance therapy with the targeted SHH inhibitor (vismodegib) after conventional adjuvant chemotherapy regimen is complete.
• To estimate the cumulative incidence of local disease failure at 2 and 5 years based on treatment regimen, strata, and clinical and treatment factors.
• To evaluate the effects of an aerobic training intervention, delivered during the radiation therapy period and at home, prior to the start of chemotherapy, on physical performance, fatigue, health related quality of life, memory, attention and executive function at the end of the intervention, at the end of adjuvant chemotherapy, and one, two and five years off adjuvant chemotherapy, among children treated for medulloblastoma.
• To evaluate the impact of an aerobic training intervention on sleep quality and quantity in children with medulloblastoma.
• To evaluate the relation between baseline cognitive performance and the variables of sleep quality and quantity, and fatigue in children with medulloblastoma.
• To estimate change in neurocognitive performance using a comprehensive assessment battery (e.g., measures of intellectual function, academic abilities, attention, memory, processing speed and executive functions) and investigate the relationship of change to relevant demographic factors (e.g., gender, age at treatment, time since treatment and socioeconomic status) and clinical factors (e.g., treatment intensity/risk group, posterior fossa syndrome).
• To assess the impact of a computer-based working memory intervention, relative to standard of care, on additional performance- and rater-based measures of attention, processing speed and executive functions.
• To compare the impact of a computer-based working memory intervention in conjunction with an aerobic training intervention, relative to either intervention in isolation, on measures of attention, processing speed and executive functions.
• To evaluate the maintenance of improvements on measures of attention, working memory, processing speed and executive functions six months following participation in the computer-based working memory intervention program.

Outline: This is a multicenter study. Patients are stratified according to molecular subgroup assignment (WNT, SHH, or Non-WNT Non- SHH) and then by clinical risk stratification (extent of resection, M stage, histologic subtype, and cytogenetic features). All patients will be treated with risk-adapted radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients assigned to Stratum W1 will receive reduced dose radiation therapy. Patients assigned to Stratum W2, S1, N1, or N2 will receive standard dose radiation therapy. Patients assigned to Stratum W3, S2, or N3 will receive high dose radiation therapy. Radiation therapy will be followed by 4 cycles of adjuvant conventional chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, cisplatin and vincristine for all patients. Patients assigned to Stratum N2 or N3 (Non-WNT Non-SHH with high risk factors) will receive 3 additional cycles of pemetrexed and gemcitabine chemotherapy intermixed into the conventional adjuvant chemotherapy cycles. Patients with SHH subtype (Stratum S1 or S2) who are skeletally mature will receive 12 months additional maintenance therapy with vismodegib.

Patients may consent to provide tumor tissue, blood, and CSF samples for biological studies. Tumor tissues are analyzed for the activation of the WNT signaling pathway, activation of the SHH signaling pathway, validation of novel patterns of gene expression via immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis; validation of genetic abnormalities via interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (iFISH); construction of gene expression profiles via microarray analysis; construction of DNA methylation profiling via microarrays; single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis for DNA copy number aberrations; potential oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes via DNA sequence analysis; expression of a number of cell signal proteins implicated in the biology of medulloblastoma via western blot; expression of additional proteins encoded by genes associated through SNP and gene expression array analysis with clinical disease behavior. Blood samples are analyzed from patients whose tumors contain gene mutations via sequence analysis of constitutional DNA. CSF and blood samples are analyzed for identification of potential tumor markers. Parents may consent to have blood samples analyzed for inheritable gene mutations associated with medulloblastoma.

Patients may also consent to exploratory research that include additional functional MRI imaging to investigate damage to neural connections from therapy; additional psychological testing to identify neurocognitive effects of therapy; additional heart and lung testing to identify treatment effects; additional endocrine studies to identify treatment effect on growth and development.

After completion of study treatment, patients are followed every 6 months for 5 years.

Inclusion Criteria

• Medulloblastoma or medulloblastoma variants including posterior fossa PNET as documented by an institutional pathologist.
• Participant's age meets one of the following: (1) Age greater than or equal to 3 years and less than 22 years of age at the time of diagnosis (may enroll on Strata W, S or N), OR (2) age is greater than or equal to 22 years and less than 40 years AND patient has SHH medulloblastoma (must enroll on Stratum S).
• No previous radiotherapy, chemotherapy or other brain tumor directed therapy other than corticosteroid therapy and surgery.
• Patients must begin treatment as outlined in the protocol within 36 days of definitive surgery (day of surgery is day 0; definitive surgery includes second surgeries to resect residual tumor).
• Adequate performance status: children < 10-Lansky Score ≥ 30; children ≥ 10-Karnofsky ≥ 30 (except for posterior fossa syndrome).
• Females of child-bearing potential cannot be pregnant or breast-feeding. Female participants > 10 years of age or post-menarche must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test prior to enrollment.
• Biological parent(s) of participant (child) enrolling on this protocol. These parents will be assigned to cohort P. The exclusion criteria below do not apply to this cohort.

Exclusion Criteria

• CNS embryonal tumor other than medulloblastoma or PNET in the posterior fossa, for example, patients with diagnosis of Atypical Teratoid / Rhabdoid Tumor (ATRT), supratentorial PNET, pineoblastoma, ependymoblastoma, ETANTR are excluded.
• Research participants with other clinically significant medical disorders that could compromise their ability to tolerate protocol therapy or would interfere with the study procedures or results history.

Participants in the Stratum S maintenance chemotherapy portion of the study must meet the criteria below prior to start of vismodegib therapy:

• Participants must be Stratum S (SHH)
• Participants must be skeletally mature defined as females with a bone age ≥ 15 years and males with a bone age ≥ 17 years.
• Must be able to swallow pills
• BSA must be >0.67 and <2.5 m2
• Male and female participants of reproductive potential must agree to effective contraception during and after study treatment. See Appendices I and II for further guidance for participants receiving vismodegib
• ANC ≥ 1000/mm^3 (after G-CSF discontinued)
• Platelets ≥ 50,000/mm^3 (without support)
• Hgb ≥ 8 g/dL (with or without transfusion support)
• Serum creatinine ≤ 1.5 mg/dL
• Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5X the institutional ULN
• SGPT (ALT) ≤ 2.5X the institutional ULN
• SGOT (AST) ≤ 2.5X the institutional ULN
• Alkaline Phosphatase ≤ 1.5X the institutional ULN
• Serum albumin ≥ 2.5 g/dL

Participants in the exercise intervention portion of the study must meet all criteria below:

• Must be ≥ 5 years and < 22 years at the time of enrollment
• Must have no congenital heart disease
• Must be capable of performing the exercise intervention at the time of baseline assessment as determined by the treating physician.

Participants in the cognitive remediation intervention portion of the study must meet all criteria below:

• Completed protocol-directed radiation therapy
• ≥5 years at the time of remediation intervention consent or age is greater than or equal to 22 years and less than 40 years and patient has SHH medulloblastoma
• English as primary language and training aide who speaks English available to participate in required sessions
• No significant cognitive impairment operationalized as either an IQ < 70 for children with St. Jude SJMB12 study baseline testing or based on clinician judgment baseline IQ missing
• No major sensory or motor impairment that would preclude valid cognitive testing (e.g., unresolved posterior fossa syndrome, blindness, poorly controlled seizures/photosensitive epilepsy, psychosis) or a major psychological condition that would preclude completion of the intervention (e.g., significant oppositionality, autism spectrum disorder, severe anxiety or depressive symptoms)

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Study Description

This is a Phase I/II, multicenter, open-label, multi-arm study designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary efficacy of idasanutlin, administered as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy or venetoclax, in pediatric and young adult participants with acute leukemias or solid tumors.

This study is divided into three parts: Part 1 will begin with dose escalation of idasanutlin as a single agent in pediatric participants with relapsed or refractory solid tumors to identify the maximum tolerated dose (MTD)/maximum administered dose (MAD) and to characterize dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs). Following MTD/MAD identification, three separate safety run-in cohorts in neuroblastoma, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) will be conducted to identify the recommended Phase 2 dose (RP2D) of idasanutlin in each combination, with chemotherapy or venetoclax. Part 2 will evaluate the safety and early efficacy of idasanutlin in combination with chemotherapy or venetoclax in newly enrolled pediatric and young adult participants in neuroblastoma, AML,and ALL cohorts at idasanutlin RP2D. Part 3 will potentially be conducted as an additional expansion phase of the idasanutlin combination cohorts in neuroblastoma, AML, or ALL for further response and safety assessment.

Inclusion Criteria

• The participants ages are < 18 for part 1a, < 30 for Parts 1b. 2 and 3
• Study Part 1 (single-agent therapy dose escalation): histologically confirmed diagnosis of neuroblastoma or other solid tumor that has progressed or recurred despite standard therapy, and for which there is no therapy proven to prolong survival with an acceptable quality of life
• Study Part 1 (combination safety run-in), Study Part 2 (initial expansion), and Study Part 3 (additional expansion): histologically confirmed diagnosis of neuroblastoma, AML, or precursor-B ALL that has progressed or recurred despite, or is refractory to, standard therapy
• Adequate performance status: Participants <16 years of age: Lansky ≥50%; Patients ≥16 years of age: Karnofsky ≥50%
• Adequate end-organ function, as defined in the protocol
• For females of childbearing potential: agreement to remain abstinent, use contraception, agreement to refrain from donating eggs. Females must remain abstinent or use two methods of contraception with a failure rate of <1% per year during the treatment and follow-up period (variable depending on the combination agent) or in accordance with national prescribing information guidance regarding abstinence, contraception
• For males: agreement to remain abstinent or use a condom, and agreement to refrain from donating sperm, with a female partner of childbearing potential or pregnant female partner, males must remain abstinent or use a condom during the treatment period and for follow-up period (variable, depending on the combination agent) or in accordance with national prescribing information guidance regarding abstinence, contraception

Additional Inclusion Criteria for Participants with Solid Tumors (including Neuroblastoma)

• At least one evaluable or measurable radiological site of disease as defined by standard criteria for the participant's tumor type, or measurable bone marrow disease by morphology
• Adequate hematologic end-organ function, as defined in the protocol
• Tumor tissue from relapsed disease

Additional Inclusion Criteria for Patients with Leukemia

• Bone marrow with ≥5% lymphoblasts by morphologic assessment at screening
• Available bone marrow aspirate or biopsy from screening

Exclusion Criteria

• Primary Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors
• Symptomatic CNS metastases that result in a neurologically unstable clinical state or require increasing doses of corticosteroids or local CNS-directed therapy to control the CNS disease
• CNS3 leukemia
• Acute promyelocytic leukemia
• White blood cell count >50 × 10^9 cells/Liter (L)
• Down syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, history of severe aplastic anemia, or any known bone marrow failure predisposition syndrome
• Burkitt-type acute lymphoblastic leukemia
• T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia
• Prior treatment with a MDM2 antagonist
• Prior treatment with venetoclax (if potential for enrollment in a venetoclax arm)
• Infection considered by the investigator to be clinically uncontrolled or of unacceptable risk to the participant
• Any uncontrolled medical condition or other identified abnormality that precludes the patient's safe participation in and completion of the study
• Systemic anticancer therapy within 28 days or 5 half-lives, whichever is shorter, prior to initiation of study treatment
• Treatment with monoclonal antibodies, antibody drug conjugates, or cellular therapy for anti-neoplastic intent within 30 days prior to initiation of study treatment
• I-131 meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) therapy within 6 weeks prior to initiation of study treatment
• Myeloablative therapy with autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell rescue within 100 days of study treatment initiation
• Immunosuppressive therapy for treatment of graft-versus-host disease within 2 weeks of study treatment initiation
• Radiotherapy within 3 weeks prior to study treatment initiation
• Specific restrictions are applicable for patients treated with drugs interacting with CYP2C8, CYP3A4, OATP1B1/B3, and P-gp
• Received anti-coagulant or anti-platelet agent within 7 days or 5 half-lives prior to study treatment initiation
• Underwent major surgical procedure within 21 days of study treatment initiation, or anticipate need for major surgical procedure during the course of the study

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Study Description

Brief Summary:

Phase 1 will evaluate the safety and tolerability at different dose levels of repotrectinib in pediatric and young adult subjects with advanced or metastatic malignancies harboring anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), receptor tyrosine kinase encoded by the gene ROS1 (ROS1), or neurotrophic receptor kinase genes encoding TRK kinase family (NTRK1-3) alterations to estimate the Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) or Maximum Administered Dose (MAD) and select the Pediatric Recommended Phase 2 Dose (RP2D).- PHASE 1 IS NOW CLOSED

Phase 2 will determine the anti-tumor activity of repotrectinib in pediatric subjects with advanced or metastatic malignancies harboring ALK, ROS1, or NTRK1-3 alterations.

Detailed Description:

Enrollment of subjects into Phase 1 will proceed concurrently by age as follows:

• Subjects <12 years old will initially be enrolled in the Phase 1 part to determine the pediatric RP2D for this age group; once the pediatric RP2D is determined, subjects age <12 years old may be enrolled into the Phase 2 part of the study.
• Subjects 12 to 25 years old will be directly enrolled into the Phase 2 part concurrent with Phase 1 enrollment.

Phase 1:

Approximately 12 pediatric subjects with locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors, including a primary central nervous system (CNS) tumor, or anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), with disease progression or who are non-responsive or intolerant to available therapies and for which no standard or available curative therapy exists.

Phase 2:

Subjects will be enrolled in one of 3 cohorts as follows:

Cohort 1: approximately 10-20 subjects with solid tumors characterized by NTRK fusion, TRK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-naïve, and centrally confirmed measurable disease at baseline.

Cohort 2: approximately 23 subjects with solid tumors characterized by NTRK fusion, TRK TKI-pretreated, and centrally confirmed measurable disease at baseline.

Cohort 3: approximately 20 subjects with solid tumors or ALCL characterized by other ALK/ROS1/NTRK alterations or NTRK fusions without centrally confirmed measurable disease not otherwise eligible for Cohort 1 or 2.

Inclusion Criteria

Key Inclusion Criteria:

1. Documented genetic ALK, ROS1, or NTRK1-3 alteration (point mutation, fusion, amplification) as identified by local testing in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) laboratory in the US or equivalently accredited diagnostic lab outside the United States (US) is required.
2. Age <12 years.
3. Prior cytotoxic chemotherapy is allowed.
4. Prior immunotherapy is allowed.
5. Resolution of all acute toxic effects (excluding alopecia) of any prior anti-cancer therapy to National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE) Version 4.03 Grade less than or equal to 1.
6. All subjects must have measurable disease by RECIST v1.1 or Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology Criteria (RANO) criteria at time of enrollment.
7. Subjects with a primary CNS tumor or CNS metastases must be neurologically stable on a stable or decreasing dose of steroids for at least 14 days prior to enrollment.
8. Subjects must have a Lansky (< 16 years) or Karnofsky (≥ 16 years) score of at least 50.
9. Life expectancy greater than or equal to 12 weeks.
10. Adequate hematologic, renal and hepatic function.

Phase 2 Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 12 to <25 years

2. Cohort Specific Inclusion Criteria:

   • Cohort 1: Subjects with NTRK fusion gene positive (NTRK+) advanced solid tumors (including primary CNS tumors), that are tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) TKI naïve;
   • Cohort 2: subjects with NTRK+ advanced solid tumors (including primary CNS tumors), that are TRK TKI pre-treated;
   • Cohort 3: subjects with tumors or ALCL characterized by other ALK/ROS1/NTRK alterations or NTRK fusions without centrally confirmed measurable disease or not otherwise eligible for Cohort 1 or 2.
3. Subjects in Cohorts 1 and 2 must have prospectively confirmed measurable disease by BICR prior to enrollment.

Exclusion Criteria

1. Subjects with neuroblastoma with only bone marrow disease evaluable by bone marrow aspiration only.
2. Major surgery within 14 days (2 weeks) of start of repotrectinib treatment. Central venous access (Broviac, Mediport, etc.) placement does not meet criteria for major surgery.
3. Known active infections (bacterial, fungal, viral including HIV positivity).
4. Gastrointestinal disease (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or short gut syndrome) or other malabsorption syndromes that would impact drug absorption.

5. Any of the following cardiac criteria:

   • Mean resting corrected QT interval (ECG interval measured from the onset of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave) for heart rate (QTc) > 470 msec obtained from three ECGs, using the screening clinic ECG machine-derived QTc value
   • Any clinically important abnormalities in rhythm, conduction, or morphology of resting ECG (e.g., complete left bundle branch block, third degree heart block, second degree heart block, PR interval > 250 msec)
   • Any factors that increase the risk of QTc prolongation or risk of arrhythmic events such as heart failure, congenital long QT syndrome, family history of long QT syndrome, or any concomitant medication known to prolong the QT interval
6. Peripheral neuropathy of CTCAE ≥grade 2.
7. Subjects being treated with or anticipating the need for treatment with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors or inducers.

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Study Description

This study will evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of alectinib in children and adolescents with ALK fusion-positive solid or CNS tumors for whom prior treatment has proven to be ineffective or for whom there is no satisfactory standard treatment available.

Inclusion Criteria

• Histologically confirmed diagnosis of CNS or solid tumors harboring ALK gene fusions as determined locally by an appropriately validated assay performed in a CLIA-certified or equivalently-accredited diagnostic laboratory, or centrally by a Foundation Medicine Clinical Trial Assay (CTA) or the alternative, approved central laboratory for that region
• Disease status: prior treatment proven to be ineffective (i.e. relapsed or refractory), or for whom there is no satisfactory standard treatment available. Disease should be measurable and evaluable as defined by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) v 1.1, or Response Assessment in Neuro-oncology criteria (RANO) +/- bone marrow criteria for primary CNS tumors or International Neuroblastoma Response Criteria (INRC)
• Available tumor tissue for submission to the Sponsor from active disease, obtained subsequent to last anti-cancer therapy regiment administered and obtained prior to study enrollment, or willingness to undergo a core or excisional biopsy sample collection prior to enrollment
• For participants < 16 years old, Lansky Performance Status >/= 50%
• For participants >/= 16 years old, Karnofsky Performance Status >/= 50%
• Adequate bone marrow function as defined by the protocol within at least 28 days prior to initiation of study drug
• Participant and/or caregiver willingness and ability to complete clinical outcome assessments throughout the study using either electronic, paper, or interviewer methods
• For females of childbearing potential: agreement to remain abstinent (refrain from heterosexual intercourse) or use contraception, and agreement to refrain from donating eggs, as defined by the protocol
• For males who are not surgically sterile: agreement to remain abstinent (refrain from heterosexual intercourse) or use contraception, and agreement to refrain from donating sperm, as defined by the protocol

Exclusion Criteria

• Medical history of: prior use of ALK inhibitors; any gastrointestinal disorder that may affect absorption of oral medications, such as mal-absorption syndrome or status post-major bowel resection; history of organ transplant; stem cell infusions as defined by the protocol
• Substance abuse within 12 months prior to screening
• Familial or personal history of congenital bone disorders, bone metabolism alterations, or osteopenia
• Treatment with investigational therapy 28 days prior to initiation of study drug
• Liver or kidney disease as defined by the protocol
• National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v5.0 grade >/=3 toxicities attributed to any prior therapy such as radiotherapy (excluding alopecia), which have not shown improvement and are strictly considered to interfere with alectinib
• Co-administration of anti-cancer therapies other than those administered in this study
• Active hepatitis B or C virus (HBV, HBC), or known HIV-positivity or AIDS-related illness
• Any clinically significant concomitant disease or condition that could interfere with, or for which the treatment might interfere with, the conduct of the study or the absorption of oral medications or that would, in the opinion of the Principal Investigator, pose an unacceptable risk to the participant in this study
• Any psychological, familial, sociological, or geographical condition potentially hampering compliance with the study protocol requirements and/or follow-up procedures; such conditions should be discussed with the participant before trial entry
• Planned procedure or surgery during the study except as permitted treatment as defined by the protocol
• Infection considered by the investigator to be clinically uncontrolled or of unacceptable risk to the participant upon induction of neutropenia, including participants who are, or should be, on antimicrobial agents for the treatment as active infection
• Pregnant or breastfeeding, or intending to become pregnant during the study or within 3 months after the final dose of alectinib

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Study Description

 This study is eligible for STEP-1 funding. Find more information here. 

This phase I trial studies the side effects and best dose of pembrolizumab and to see how well it works in treating younger patients with high-grade gliomas (brain tumors that are generally expected to be fast growing and aggressive), diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (brain stem tumors), brain tumors with a high number of genetic mutations, ependymoma or medulloblastoma that have come back (recurrent), progressed, or have not responded to previous treatment (refractory). Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, such as pembrolizumab, may induce changes in the body's immune system, and may interfere with the ability of tumor cells to grow and spread.

Inclusion Criteria

Stratum A, B, D and E Inclusion Criteria :

• Patient must have one of the following diagnoses to be eligible: 
  • Stratum A, currently closed to enrollment: Patients must have a recurrent, progressive or refractory DIPG following radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy
    • Histologic diagnosis is not required for patients with typical imaging findings of DIPG (defined as patients with a diffuse expansile mass centered in and involving at least 2/3 of the pons); patients with brainstem tumors who have undergone biopsy with a diagnosis of high-grade glioma or diffuse infiltrating glioma are also eligible
  • Stratum B: Patients must have a histologically confirmed diagnosis of a non-brainstem high-grade glioma (NB-HGG) that is recurrent, progressive or refractory following therapy which included radiotherapy; spinal primary disease is eligible
  • Stratum D: Patients must have a histologically confirmed diagnosis of ependymoma that is recurrent, progressive or refractory following therapy which included radiotherapy
  • Stratum E: Patients must have a histologically confirmed diagnosis of medulloblastoma that is recurrent, progressive or refractory following therapy which included radiotherapy
• Patients must have adequate pre-trial formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor material available for use in the biology studies mutational analysis and genome wide sequencing for each stratum
  • Patients with DIPG who have tissue available are requested to submit similar tissue as patients in other strata; however, this is not required for eligibility
• All subjects must have measurable disease in 2-dimensions on MRI scan of the brain; disease should be consistently measured with the two largest perpendicular dimensions
• Patient must be >= 1 but =< 18 years of age at the time of enrollment during the safety portion. Patients < 22 may be enrolled during the efficacy portion of the study.
• Patients must have received prior radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy and recovered from the acute treatment related toxicities (defined as =< grade 1 if not defined in eligibility criteria) of all prior chemotherapy, immunotherapy or radiotherapy prior to entering this study; there is no upper limit to the number of prior therapies that is allowed
• Patients must have received their last dose of known myelosuppressive anticancer therapy at least three (3) weeks prior to study enrollment or at least six (6) weeks if prior nitrosourea
• Biologic or investigational agent (anti-neoplastic): Patient must have received their last dose of the investigational or biologic agent >= 7 days prior to study enrollment
  • For agents that have known adverse events occurring beyond 7 days after administration, this period must be extended beyond the time during which adverse events are known to occur; the duration must be discussed with and approved by the study chair
• Monoclonal antibody treatment and/or agents with prolonged half-lives: Patient must have recovered from any acute toxicity potentially related to the agent and received their last dose of the agent >= 28 days prior to study enrollment
• Patient must have completed immunotherapy (e.g. tumor vaccines, oncolytic viruses, etc.) at least 42 days prior to enrollment
• Patients must have had their last fraction of:
  • Craniospinal irradiation >= 3 months prior to enrollment
  • Other substantial bone marrow irradiation >= 6 weeks prior to enrollment
  • Local palliative radiation therapy (XRT) (small port) >= 2 weeks
• Patient must be >= 12 weeks since autologous bone marrow/stem cell transplant prior to enrollment
• Patients must be fully recovered from all acute effects of prior surgical intervention
• Both males and females of all races and ethnic groups are eligible for this study
• Patients with neurological deficits should have deficits that are completely stable for a minimum of 1 week (7 days) prior to enrollment
• Karnofsky performance scale (KPS for > 16 years of age) or Lansky performance score (LPS for =< 16 years of age) assessed within two weeks of enrollment must be >= 70; patients who are unable to walk because of neurologic deficits, but who are up in a wheelchair, will be considered ambulatory for the purpose of assessing the performance score
• Absolute neutrophil count >= 1000 cells/uL
• Platelets >= 75,000 cells /uL (unsupported, defined as no platelet transfusion within 7 days)
• Hemoglobin >= 8 g/dl (may receive transfusions)
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 times institutional upper limit of normal (ULN)
• Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SGPT]) =< 3 x institutional upper limit of normal
• Albumin >= 2 g/dl
• Serum creatinine based on age/gender as noted below; patients that do not meet the criteria below but have a 24 hour creatinine clearance or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (radioisotope or iothalamate) >= 70 ml/min/1.73 m^2 are eligible
  • Age: 1 to < 2 years; maximum serum creatinine (mg/dL): 0.6 (male); 0.6 (female)
  • Age: 2 to < 6 years; maximum serum creatinine (mg/dL): 0.8 (male); 0.8 (female)
  • Age: 6 to < 10 years; maximum serum creatinine (mg/dL): 1 (male); 1 (female)
  • Age: 10 to < 13 years; maximum serum creatinine (mg/dL): 1.2 (male); 1.2 (female)
  • Age: 13 to < 16 years; maximum serum creatinine (mg/dL): 1.5 (male); 1.4 (female)
  • Age: >= 16 years; maximum serum creatinine (mg/dL): 1.7 (male); 1.4 (female)
• Pulse oximetry > 93% on room air and no evidence of dyspnea at rest
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- infected patients on effective anti-retroviral therapy with undetectable viral load within 6 months are eligible for this trial
• Patients must be off all colony-forming growth factor(s) for at least 1 week prior to registration (e.g. filgrastim, sargramostim, erythropoietin); 2 weeks must have elapsed for long-acting formulations
  • Patients must be willing to use brief courses (at least 72 hours) of steroids as directed for potential inflammatory side effects of the therapy if recommended by their treating physician
• Female subjects of childbearing potential must not be pregnant or breast-feeding; female patients of childbearing potential must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test within 72 hours prior to receiving the first dose of study medication; if the urine test is positive or cannot be confirmed as negative, a serum pregnancy test will be required; pregnant women are excluded from this study because pembrolizumab (MK-3475) is an agent with the potential for teratogenic effects; because there is unknown but potential risk for adverse events in nursing infants secondary to treatment of the mother with pembrolizumab (MK-3475), breastfeeding should be discontinued if the mother is to be treated with pembrolizumab (MK-3475)
• Patients of childbearing or child fathering potential must be willing to use 2 methods of birth control or be surgically sterile or abstain from heterosexual activity while being treated on this study and for 6 months after the last dose of study medication
• The patient or parent/guardian is able to understand the consent and is willing to sign a written informed consent document, inclusive of assent where appropriate, according to institutional guidelines

Stratum C Inclusion Criteria :

• Diagnosis of hypermutated brain tumors. Patients with brain tumors and increased tumor mutation burden as determined by
  • Confirmed diagnosis of CMMRD syndrome by Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act (CLIA)-certified germline gene sequencing OR
  • Confirmation of high mutation burden by whole genome/exome sequencing performed in a CLIA-certified laboratory and/or the use of Foundation One next generation sequence panel or another CLIA approved targeted sequencing lab with publicly available correlations between number of mutations found in the panel and mutations per megabase and/or genome; for protocol purposes a high mutation burden will be defined as at least 180 non-synonymous coding-region mutations by whole exome/genome sequencing (well above two standard deviations of the number of median similar mutations described in pediatric CNS cancers) AND/OR a high tumor mutation burden (TMB) or intermediate TMB based on the reporting parameters of the panel; TMB parameters provided for the Foundation One reports are high tumor mutation burden is >= 20 mutations per megabase or intermediate TMB is between 6 to 19 mutations per megabase OR
  • Confirmed diagnosis of Lynch syndrome by CLIA-certified germline gene sequencing; patients with Lynch syndrome will not be accounted for in primary objective unless their tumors are determined to have the minimum number of mutations described above but they will still be eligible for this study
    • Low-grade tumors in patients with CMMRD or Lynch syndrome do not have to reach the threshold of 100 mutations for study inclusion
• Patients must have a histologically confirmed primary brain tumor that is recurrent, progressive or refractory; inclusion criteria encompasses all types of brain tumors (e.g. gliomas, embryonal tumors or any other type of brain tumor as long as other eligibility criteria are met;
  • Patients with high-grade gliomas are eligible for this clinical trial at least 2 weeks after completion of radiotherapy independent of tumor progression/recurrence as long as they are not enrolled on any other therapeutic clinical trial and there is macroscopic residual disease
  • Patients with other concomitant tumors associated with CMMRD syndrome including gastrointestinal polyps/adenomas and carcinomas, lymphomas and leukemias will be eligible as long as they are not requiring anticancer therapy directed against these other cancers and meet all other eligibility criteria
• Patients must have adequate pre-trial FFPE tumor material available and be willing to provide a blood sample for use in the genome wide sequencing studies; while tissue is required for genome-wide sequencing of tumor and germline samples, patients will be deemed eligible for the study with a minimum of approximately 10 unstained slides for the planned analysis
• Subjects must have measurable disease in 2-dimensions on MRI scan of the brain and/or spine with the exception allowed for non-progressed HGGs; disease should be consistently measured with the two largest perpendicular dimensions
• Patients must have received prior radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy with the following exceptions:
  • Patients with secondary CNS cancers after a previous medical problem/malignancy who cannot receive full dose of radiotherapy (> 50 Gy) as long as they meet all other eligibility criteria
  • Patients with progressive low-grade gliomas and CMMRD or Lynch syndrome Patients must have recovered from the acute treatment related toxicities (defined as =< grade 1 if not defined in eligibility criteria) of all prior chemotherapy, immunotherapy or radiotherapy prior to entering this study; there is no upper limit to the number of prior therapies that is allowed
• Patient should be < 30 years at the time of enrollment
• Patients must have received their last dose of known myelosuppressive anticancer therapy at least three (3) weeks prior to study enrollment or at least six (6) weeks if prior nitrosourea
• Patient must have received their last dose of the investigational or biologic agent >= 7 days prior to study enrollment
  • For agents that have known adverse events occurring beyond 7 days after administration, this period must be extended beyond the time during which adverse events are known to occur; the duration must be discussed with and approved by the study chair
• Monoclonal antibody treatment and/or agents with prolonged half-lives: Patient must have recovered from any acute toxicity potentially related to the agent and received their last dose of the agent >= 28 days prior to study enrollment
• Patient must have completed immunotherapy (e.g. tumor vaccines, oncolytic viruses, etc.) at least 42 days prior to enrollme
• Patients must have had their last fraction of:
  • Craniospinal irradiation >= 3 months prior to enrollment
  • Other substantial bone marrow irradiation >= 6 weeks prior to enrollment
  • Local palliative radiation therapy (XRT) (small port) >= 2 weeks
• Patient must be:
  • >= 12 weeks since autologous bone marrow/stem cell transplant prior to enrollment
  • >= 5 years since allogeneic bone marrow transplant prior to enrollment with no evidence of active graft versus (vs.) host disease
• Patients must be fully recovered from all acute effects of prior surgical intervention
• All races and ethnic groups are eligible for this study
• Patients with neurological deficits should have deficits that are completely stable for a minimum of 1 week (7 days) prior to enrollment
• Karnofsky performance scale (KPS for > 16 years of age) or Lansky performance score (LPS for =< 16 years of age) assessed within two weeks of enrollment must be >= 60; patients who are unable to walk because of neurologic deficits, but who are up in a wheelchair, will be considered ambulatory for the purpose of assessing the performance score
• Absolute neutrophil count >= 1000 cells/uL
• Platelets >= 75,000 cells/uL (unsupported, defined as no platelet transfusion within 7 days)
• Hemoglobin >= 8 g/dl (may receive transfusions)
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 times institutional upper limit of normal (ULN)
• ALT (SGPT) =< 3 x institutional upper limit of normal
• Albumin >= 2 g/dl
• Serum creatinine based on age/gender as noted below; patients that do not meet the criteria below but have a 24 hour creatinine clearance or GFR (radioisotope or iothalamate) >= 70 ml/min/1.73 m^2 are eligible
  • Age: 1 to < 2 years; maximum serum creatinine (mg/dL): 0.6 (male); 0.6 (female)
  • Age: 2 to < 6 years; maximum serum creatinine (mg/dL): 0.8 (male); 0.8 (female)
  • Age: 6 to < 10 years; maximum serum creatinine (mg/dL): 1 (male); 1 (female)
  • Age: 10 to < 13 years; maximum serum creatinine (mg/dL): 1.2 (male); 1.2 (female)
  • Age: 13 to < 16 years; maximum serum creatinine (mg/dL): 1.5 (male); 1.4 (female)
  • Age: >= 16 years; maximum serum creatinine (mg/dL): 1.7 (male); 1.4 (female)
• Pulse oximetry > 93% on room air and no evidence of dyspnea at rest
• HIV- infected patients on effective anti-retroviral therapy with undetectable viral load within 6 months are eligible for this trial
• Patients must be off all colony-forming growth factor(s) for at least 1 week prior to registration (i.e. filgrastim; sargramostim; erythropoietin); 2 weeks must have elapsed for long-ac

Additional inclusion and exclusion criteria may apply. 

Exclusion Criteria

• Active autoimmune disease or documented history of autoimmune disease/syndrome that requires ongoing systemic steroids or systemic immunosuppressive agents except participants with vitiligo or resolved asthma/atopy or participants with hypothyroidism stable on hormone replacement or Sjogren’s syndrome
• History of or ongoing pneumonitis or significant interstitial lung disease
• Other malignancies
• Known active Hepatitis B (HbsAg active) or Hepatitis C (HCV RNA-qualitative is detected)
• History of severe hypersensitivity reaction to a monoclonal antibody
• Bulky tumor on imaging (not greater than 4cm in one dimension)
• Receiving any other anti-cancer or investigational drug therapy

(via: PBTC45: Brain Tumor Clinical Trial - St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital (stjude.org))

Additional inclusion and exclusion may apply.

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Study Description

 This study is eligible for STEP-1 funding. Find more information here. 

This phase I trial studies the side effects and best dose of volitinib in treating patients with primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors that have come back (recurrent) or does not respond to treatment (refractory). Volitinib may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking some of the enzymes needed for cell growth.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To estimate the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommend a phase II dose of volitinib (savolitinib) administered orally daily in children with refractory, progressive or recurrent primary CNS tumors.

II. To define and describe the toxicities of savolitinib in children with refractory, progressive, or recurrent primary CNS tumors.

III. To characterize the pharmacokinetics of savolitinib in children with refractory, progressive, or recurrent primary CNS tumors.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To preliminarily define the antitumor activity of savolitinib within the confines of a phase I study.

II. To perform a genomic analysis within the confines of a phase I study to investigate correlation between response to treatment (as measured by objective response or progression free survival [PFS]) and the presence of specific genomic alterations (e.g. MET amplification, chromosome 7q aneuploidy, MET mutation, or HGF amplification) and/or specific subgroups of disease.

OUTLINE: This is a dose-escalation study.

Patients receive volitinib orally (PO) once daily (QD). Treatment repeats every 28 days for up to 39 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up at 30 days, then periodically for up to 2 years.

Inclusion Criteria

• Patients with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of a primary CNS tumor (medulloblastoma, high-grade glioma, or diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma [DIPG]) that is recurrent, refractory, or progressive. All tumors must have histologic verification at either the time of diagnosis or recurrence except patients with diffuse intrinsic brain stem tumors. These patients must have radiographic or clinical evidence of progression. Patients with a recurrent, progressive, or refractory primary CNS tumor with evidence of genetic activation of the MET pathway, regardless of histology, are also eligible to the Phase I component of this study
  • Note: Refractory disease is defined as the presence of persistent abnormality on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) imaging that is further distinguished by histology (biopsy or sample of lesion) or advanced imaging, OR as determined by the treating physician and discussed with the primary investigator prior to enrollment
• Efficacy Expansion Cohort: Patients must have a recurrent, progressive, or refractory primary CNS tumor with evidence of genetic activation of the MET pathway, regardless of histology. The submitted specimen can be from diagnosis or recurrence and there is no time limit from when the specimen was obtained to enrollment onto the efficacy expansion cohort. The assessment will be performed in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act (CLIA) certified laboratory. MET pathway activation status must be confirmed using Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved testing prior to enrollment. MET pathway activation is defined as:
  • MET kinase domain mutations, allelic frequency >= 5% OR
  • MET or HGF amplification, >= 6 copies OR
  • Chromosome 7 gain OR
  • MET fusion
    • If a MET aberration is identified using local testing at a Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium (PBTC) institution, final confirmation for eligibility to the efficacy cohort will be confirmed using Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center's (MSKCC's) FDA approved IMPACT (Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets) panel. Alternatively, if a MET aberration is identified at a PBTC site using another FDA approved panel (Foundation Medicine or Oncomine), the result will be considered sufficient for eligibility following study chair review
• Recurrent or refractory primary malignant CNS tumor patients must have adequate pre-trial frozen or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor material available for the required correlative studies. If target amounts of tissue or number of slides are not available, the site must obtain study chair/co-chair approval for adequacy of submitted tumor samples and prioritization of studies to be performed, prior to patient enrollment
  • Patients with DIPG who have pre-trial tumor tissue available are requested to submit tissue; however, this is not required for eligibility
• Patients must have evaluable disease to be eligible. Evaluable disease is defined as the presence of at least one lesion that can be measured accurately in at least 2 (two) dimensions
• Patients must be > 5 years and =< 21 years of age at the time of study enrollment
• Body surface area (BSA)
  • Patients enrolled on 75 mg/m^2/day (dose level 0) must have a BSA >= 1.00 m^2
  • Patients enrolled on 150 mg/m^2/day (dose level 1) must have a BSA >= 0.55 m^2
  • Patients enrolled on 240 mg/m^2/day (dose level 2) must have a BSA >= 0.67 m^2
  • Patients enrolled on 350 mg/m^2/day (dose level 3) must have a BSA >= 0.73 m^2 and =< 2.10 m^2 (the upper BSA restriction for dose level 3 applies during the dose finding phase only)
• Patients must have failed prior standard therapy for their tumor. Patients with medulloblastoma must have received radiation therapy in addition to platinum and alkylator-based chemotherapy. Patients with high-grade glioma (HGG) and DIPG must have at least received radiation therapy. Patients must have recovered from the acute treatment related toxicities (defined as =< grade 1 if not defined in eligibility criteria) of all prior chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy or any other treatment modality prior to entering this study
• Patients must have received their last dose of known myelosuppressive anticancer therapy at least 21 days prior to enrollment or at least 42 days if it included nitrosourea
• Biologic or investigational agent (anti-neoplastic):
  • Patients must have recovered from any acute toxicity potentially related to the agent and received their last dose of the investigational or biologic agent >= 7 days prior to study enrollment
    • For agents that have known adverse events occurring beyond 7 days after administration, this period must be extended beyond the time during which adverse events are known to occur
  • Monoclonal antibody treatment and agents with known prolonged half-lives:
    • Patients must have recovered from any acute toxicity potentially related to the agent and received their last dose of the agent >= 28 days prior to study enrollment
• Patients must have had their last fraction of:
  • Craniospinal irradiation or total body irradiation or radiation to >= 50% of pelvis > 3 months prior to enrollment
  • Focal irradiation > 4 weeks prior to enrollment
• Patients must be:
  • >= 6 months since allogeneic stem cell transplant prior to enrollment with no evidence of active graft versus (vs.) host disease
  • >= 3 months since autologous stem cell transplant prior to enrollment
• Both males and females of all races and ethnic groups are eligible for this study
• Neurologic Status
  • Patients with neurological deficits should have deficits that are stable for a minimum of 1 week prior to enrollment. A baseline detailed neurological exam should clearly document the neurological status of the patient at the time of enrollment on the study
  • Patients with seizure disorders may be enrolled if seizures are well controlled
  • Patients must be able to swallow whole tablets to be eligible for study enrollment
• Karnofsky performance scale (KPS for > 16 years of age) or Lansky performance score (LPS for =< 16 years of age) assessed within two weeks of enrollment must be >= 50
  • Patients who are unable to walk because of neurologic deficits, but who are up in a wheelchair, will be considered ambulatory for the purpose of assessing the performance score
• Absolute neutrophil count >= 1.0 x 10^9 cells/ L
• Platelets >= 100 x 10^9 cells/ L (unsupported, defined as no platelet transfusion within 7 days prior to enrollment)
• Hemoglobin >= 8 g/dL (hemoglobin should be unsupported, i.e., red blood cell transfusions are not allowed within 14 days prior to enrollment)
• Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) =< 2.5 x the upper limit of normal (ULN) with total bilirubin =< 1x ULN OR total bilirubin > ULN - =< 1.5 x ULN with ALT and AST =< 1 x ULN
• Albumin >= 2 g/dL
• Serum creatinine based on age/gender. Patients that do not meet the criteria below but have a 24 hour creatinine clearance or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (radioisotope or iothalamate) >= 70 mL/min/1.73 m^2 are eligible
  • Age: Maximum serum creatinine (mg/dL)
  • 2 to < 6 years: 0.8 (male and female)
  • 6 to < 10 years: 1 (male and female)
  • 10 to < 13 years: 1.2 (male and female)
  • 13 to < 16 years: 1.5 (male), 1.4 (female)
  • >= 16 years: 1.7 (male), 1.4 (female)
• International normalized ratio (INR) < 1.5 x ULN and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) < 1.5 x ULN unless patients are receiving therapeutic anti-coagulation which affects these parameters
• Patients with known tumor thrombus or deep vein thrombosis are eligible if clinically stable on low molecular weight heparin for >= 2 weeks
• Cardiac function:
  • Mean resting corrected QT interval (QTc) =< 450 msec on screening obtained from 3 electrocardiograms (EKGs)
• Oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry is > 93% on room air
• Patients who are receiving corticosteroids must be on a stable or decreasing dose for at least 1 week prior to enrollment
• Patients must be off all colony-stimulating factor(s) (e.g., filgrastim, sargramostim or erythropoietin) for at least 1 week prior to enrollment. Two (2) weeks must have elapsed if patients received polyethylene glycol (PEG) formulations
• Pregnancy Prevention
  • Patients of childbearing or child fathering potential must be willing to use a medically acceptable form of birth control, which includes abstinence, while being treated on this study
  • Women of child-bearing potential should use effective contraception from the time of enrollment until 4 weeks after discontinuing study treatment
  • Male study participants should use a condom with female partners of child-bearing potential during the study and for 4 weeks after discontinuing study treatment
  • If the female partner of a male study participant is not using effective contraception, men must use a condom during the study and for 6 months after discontinuing study treatment
  • Male study participants should avoid fathering a child and refrain from sperm donation from study start to 6 months after discontinuing study treatment
• The patient or parent/guardian is able to understand the consent and is willing to sign a written informed consent document according to institutional guidelines

Other inclusion criteria may apply and will be discussed with you by the study team.

Exclusion Criteria

• Pregnant women or nursing mothers are excluded from this study. Female patients of childbearing potential must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test within 24 hours prior to receiving the first dose of study medication. If the urine test is positive or cannot be confirmed as negative, a serum pregnancy test will be required. Pregnant women are excluded from this study because there are unknown but potential risks to an unborn baby from savolitinib. Because there is an unknown but potential risk for adverse events in nursing infants secondary to treatment of the mother with savolitinib, breastfeeding should be discontinued if the mother is treated with savolitinib
• Patients with a known serious active infection including, but not limited to, viral hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus, tuberculosis
• Patients with any clinically significant unrelated systemic illness or significant cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic or other organ dysfunction), that in the opinion of the investigator would compromise the patient's ability to tolerate protocol therapy, put them at additional risk for toxicity or would interfere with the study procedures or results
• Patients with uncontrolled hypertension (i.e., a blood pressure [BP] > 95th percentile for age, height, and gender, patients with values above these levels must have their blood pressure controlled with medication prior to starting study drug)
  • The normal blood pressure by height, age and gender tables can be assessed in the Generic Forms section of the PBTC member's webpage
• Patients with any of the following cardiac diseases
  • Congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association >= grade 2)
  • Clinically significant cardiac arrhythmia
  • Mean resting corrected QT interval (QTc) > 450 msec on screening obtained from 3 electrocardiograms (EKGs) or
  • Factors that may increase the risk of QTc prolongation such as chronic hypokalemia not correctable with supplements, congenital or familial long QT syndrome, or
  • Family history of unexplained sudden death under 40 years of age in first-degree relatives or
  • Any concomitant medication known to prolong the QT interval and cause Torsade de Pointes. These drugs must have been discontinued prior to the start of administration of study treatment in accordance with guidance
  • Any clinically important abnormalities in rhythm, conduction or morphology of resting EKG, e.g., complete left bundle branch block, third degree heart block, second degree heart block, PR interval > 250 msec.
• Patients with a prior or concurrent malignancy whose natural history or treatment has the potential to interfere with the safety or efficacy assessment of the investigational regimen for this trial
• Concurrent Therapy
  • Patients who are receiving any other anticancer or investigational drug therapy
  • Patients receiving strong inducers of CYP3A4, strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 or CYP1A2 or CYP3A4 substrates with a narrow therapeutic index within 2 weeks of the first dose of savolitinib (3 weeks for St John's Wort). Strong inducers of CYP3A4 and CYP3A4 substrates which have a narrow therapeutic range or CYP3A4 sensitive substrates should not be used during the trial or used with caution. Because the lists of these agents are constantly changing, it is important to regularly consult a frequently-updated medical reference. Patient drug information handout and wallet card should be provided to patients
  • Prior or current treatment with a MET inhibitor (e.g., foretinib, crizotinib, cabozantinib, or onartuzumab)
• Patient is currently receiving any of the following herbal preparations or medications and cannot be discontinued 1 week (7 days) prior to enrollment (3 weeks for St. John's wort). These herbal medications include, but are not limited to: cannabis products, St. John's wort, kava, ephedra (ma huang), gingko biloba, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), yohimbe, saw palmetto, and ginseng
• Patient has undergone major surgical procedure =< 28 days prior to beginning study drug or a minor surgical procedure =< 7 days prior to beginning study drug. No waiting is required following port-a-cath placement
• Patients who in the opinion of the investigator are unwilling or unable to return for required follow-up visits or obtain follow-up studies required to assess toxicity to therapy or to adhere to drug administration plan, other study procedures, and study restrictions
• Patients with a history of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition
• Prisoners will be excluded from this study

Other exclusion criteria may apply and will be discussed with you by the study team.

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Study Description

 This study is eligible for STEP-1 funding. Find more information here. 

This is a multicenter pilot study of SurVaxM (SVN53-67/M57-KLH) for children and young adults with progressive or relapsed medulloblastoma, high grade glioma, ependymoma and newly diagnosed diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma.

Survivin (BIRC5) is an inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein that is highly expressed in many cancers. Survivin's high level of expression in certain pediatric malignancies makes it an attractive molecular target for new therapies, including active specific vaccination-based immunotherapy.

The design of the SurVaxM vaccine employs several strategies to create an effective antitumor immunogen, including: 1) incorporation of multiple MHC class I epitopes, 2) peptide modification to enhance binding to certain MHC class I molecules, 3) cytokine helper support, and 4) antibody-mediated tumor cell killing. All of these effects would not be expected with the unmodified class-I restricted short survivin peptides employed in previously studied glioma vaccines.

There are no prior clinical trials of SurVaxM in pediatric patients; however, SurVaxM has been studied in several adult trials, including a phase I study conducted at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center. Following the single-institution phase I trial, a multicenter phase IIa trial (NCT024455557) was conducted in 63 patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. All patients in this study underwent surgical resection of their tumors. Patients then underwent chemoradiation with temozolomide according to the Stupp protocol. This was followed by a one-month hiatus from chemotherapy, during which priming doses of SurVaxM were initiated. The priming phase of vaccination was then followed by initiation of standard adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide and maintenance doses of SurVaxM as an add-on to standard chemotherapy. There have been no regimen-limiting toxicities (RLT) or grade ≥ 3 SAE attributable to SurVaxM, with most toxicities being related to temozolomide. The most common AE was grade 1-2 injection site reaction with 2 patients experiencing Montanide-related granulomatous panniculitis with local skin ulceration at vaccine injection sites, both of which resolved. Humoral and survivin-specific CD8+ T cell responses were observed in almost all patients. Twelve-month overall survival (OS12) was 86% from first immunization and 93.4% from diagnosis. OS12 for meMGMT was 93.1% and unMGMT was 78% from first immunization. Median time to tumor progression (mPFS) was 13.9 months from diagnosis. Although not a randomized trial, these results are superior to overall survival reported in various studies in which patients received standard of care treatment for this disease. A randomized phase IIb clinical trial of standard therapy plus SurVaxM is currently being developed with intent for drug registration, if successful.

The primary objective of this trial is to assess the toxicity profile of SurVaxM in emulsion with Montanide plus sargramostim in children with relapsed or progressive medulloblastoma and high-grade glioma, ependymoma and non-recurrent diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma post-radiation therapy. Patients will be enrolled into three separate strata based on age and diagnosis. Enrollment will be staged to allow for safety evaluations between strata.

Each patient will receive 500 micrograms SurVaxM as a 1:1 mixture with Montanide ISA 51 in a water-in-oil emulsion. The SurVaxM-Montanide emulsion injection will be followed immediately by sargramostim (or biosimilar) given via a second separate subcutaneous injection in close proximity to the vaccine injection site. Patients will receive four injections administered over a 6-week period, followed by 14 days of follow-up, called the Priming Phase (8 weeks total). Beginning 8 weeks after the fourth priming dose, a maintenance dose of SurVaxM with Montanide ISA 51 may be given every 8 weeks (± 2 weeks) for two years or until an off-treatment criterion is met.

Inclusion Criteria

• DIAGNOSIS: Patients with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of a primary CNS tumor that is progressive or recurrent defined as progression in any known residual tumor, or the appearance of one or more new lesions, or new cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) positivity for malignant cells, after having failed standard therapy. At the time of diagnosis or recurrence, all tumors must have histologic verification of one of the following:
  • Medulloblastoma
  • Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)
  • Anaplastic astrocytoma
  • High-grade astrocytoma, NOS
  • Anaplastic oligodendroglioma
  • Anaplastic ependymoma (WHO Grade III)
  • Ependymoma (WHO Grade II)
  • Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas (DIPG) Patients:
    • Patients with diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) will be eligible 14 to 56 days post-completion of radiation therapy if they do not have any evidence of progression. Patients with diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs), defined as tumors with a pontine epicenter and diffuse involvement of 2/3 or more of the pons, are eligible without histologic confirmation. Patients with brainstem tumors that do not meet these criteria or not considered to be typical intrinsic pontine gliomas will only be eligible if the tumors have been biopsied and are proven to be a glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), or astrocytoma (Grade II or Grade III). DIPG patients with disseminated disease are not eligible, and MRI of spine must be performed if disseminated disease is suspected by the treating physician.
• DEMONSTRATION OF SURVIVIN EXPRESSION: For patients with relapsed or progressive medulloblastoma, HGG, or ependymoma, demonstration of survivin expression as assessed after screening consent/assent of at least 1% on tumor tissue by immunohistochemistry (ICH) is required and must have been performed in the central laboratory at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (RPCCC) to confirm eligibility. For patients with DIPG, diagnostic biopsy for histologic confirmation is not required, and tumor expression of survivin is therefore not required for eligibility for these patients.
• DISEASE STATUS: Patients must have either measurable or evaluable disease. Patients with recurrent or progressive GBM, anaplastic astrocytoma, high grade astrocytoma (NOS), anaplastic oligodendroglioma, anaplastic ependymoma (WHO Grade III) or ependymoma (WHO Grade II) with metastatic disease or leptomeningeal disease are eligible so long as there is clear MRI evidence of evaluable disease.
• AGE: 
  • Stratum 1 (progressive or recurrent) patients must be ≥10 years of age and ≤ 21 years of age at the time of study screening.
  • Stratum 2 (progressive or recurrent) patients must be ≥1 year of age and < 10 years of age at the time of study screening.
  • Stratum 3 (newly diagnosed DIPG) patients must be ≥1 year of age and ≤ 21 years of age at the time of study enrollment
• PRIOR THERAPY: 
  • Patients with recurrent or progressive disease must have received prior chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy or any other treatment modality.
  • Patients must have recovered from the acute treatment related toxicities (defined as ≤ Grade 1 if not defined in eligibility criteria; excludes alopecia) prior to entering this study.
  • Patients with newly diagnosed DIPG must have completed radiation therapy
• CHEMOTHERAPY - Patients must have received their last dose of known myelosuppressive anticancer therapy at least 21 days prior to enrollment or at least 42 days if nitrosourea. Patients must have received their last dose of non-myelosuppressive chemotherapy at least 7 days prior to enrollment.
• INVESTIGATIONAL/ BIOLOGIC AGENT:
  • Biologic or investigational agent (anti-neoplastic): Patient must have recovered from any acute toxicity potentially related to the agent and received their last dose of the investigational or biologic agent ≥ 7 days prior to study enrollment.
  • For agents that have known adverse events occurring beyond 7 days after administration, this period must be extended beyond the time during which adverse events are known to occur.
  • Monoclonal antibody treatment and agents with known prolonged half-lives: Patient must have recovered from any acute toxicity potentially related to the agent and received their last dose of the agent ≥ 28 days prior to study enrollment.
• RADIATION:
  • Recurrent or Progressive CNS tumor patients must have had their last fraction of:
  • Craniospinal irradiation, whole brain radiation, total body irradiation or radiation to spine ≥ 6 weeks (42 days) prior to enrollment.
  • Focal irradiation ≥ 14 days prior to enrollment.
  • DIPG Patients: Patients with DIPG are eligible after completion of initial radiotherapy (with or without concurrent treatment) and in the absence of progressive disease.
  • Patients must have completed radiation therapy at least 14 days prior to enrollment but no longer than 56 days and cannot have received any other tumor-directed treatment except the following: Patient may have received temozolomide or other non-investigational agents during irradiation at the treating physician's discretion. If the patient has received such agents concurrently with radiation, then patient must have recovered from the acute treatment related toxicities (defined as < Grade 1) prior to enrollment.
• CELLULAR THERAPY: Patient must be:
  • ≥ 6 months since allogeneic stem cell transplant prior to enrollment with no evidence of active graft vs. host disease.
  • ≥ 3 months since autologous stem cell transplant prior to enrollment.
  • > 42 days since completion of any other type of adoptive cellular therapy prior to enrollment.
• CRANIAL SURGERY: Patients who have had recent cranial surgery (VP shunt, ETV, tumor resection) are eligible for inclusion, but the vaccine may not be administered prior to post-operative Day 14.
• NEUROLOGIC STATUS: Patients with neurological deficits should have deficits that are stable for a minimum of 1 week prior to enrollment. A baseline neurological exam should clearly document the neurological status of the patient at the time of enrollment on the study.
• PERFORMANCE STATUS: Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS for > 16 years of age) or Lansky Performance Score (LPS for ≤ 16 years of age) assessed within 2 weeks prior to enrollment must be ≥ 60%. Patients who are unable to walk because of neurologic deficits, but who are up in a wheelchair, will be considered ambulatory for the purpose of assessing the performance score.
• ORGAN FUNCTION - Patients must have adequate organ and marrow function as defined below:
  • Absolute neutrophil count ≥ 0.75 x 109 cells/L
  • Platelets ≥ 100 x 109 cells/L (unsupported, defined as no platelet transfusion within 7 days prior to enrollment)
  • Hemoglobin ≥ 8 g/dl (may receive transfusions)
  • PT/INR, PTT ≤ 1.5 x ULN
  • Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 times institutional upper limit of normal (ULN)
  • ALT(SGPT) ≤ 3 x institutional upper limit of normal
  • Albumin ≥ 2 g/dl
  • Blood creatinine based on age/gender as noted below. Patients that do not meet the criteria below but have a 24-hour Creatinine Clearance or GFR (radioisotope or iothalamate) ≥ 70 ml/min/1.73 m2 are eligible. Maximum Serum Creatinine for age/gender:
  • Age 1 to < 2 years: 0.6 mg/dL (male); 0.6 mg/dL (female)
  • Age 2 to < 6 years: 0.8 mg/dL (male); 0.8 mg/dL (female)
  • Age 6 to < 10 years: 1 mg/dL (male); 1 mg/dL (female)
  • Age 10 to < 13 years: 1.2 mg/dL (male); 1.2 mg/dL (female)
  • Age 13 to < 16 years: 1.5 mg/dL (male); 1.4 mg/dL (female)
  • Age ≥ 16 years: 1.7 mg/dL (male); 1.4 mg/dL (female)
• INFECTIOUS DISEASES
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infected Individuals: Patients who are known to be Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected must be on effective anti-retroviral therapy with undetectable viral load for 6 months prior to study enrollment.
  • Hepatitis B Chronically Infected Individuals: For patients with known evidence of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the HBV viral load must be undetectable on suppressive therapy, if indicated.
  • Hepatitis C (HCV) Infected Individuals: Patients with a known history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection must have been treated and cured. Patients with known HCV infection who are currently on treatment are eligible if they have an undetectable HCV viral load.
• CORTICOSTEROIDS: Patients who are receiving dexamethasone must be on a stable or decreasing dose for at least 1 week prior to enrollment. A maximum dose of 0.1 mg/kg/day (and maximum total daily dose 4 mg) of dexamethasone (or equivalent) is permitted at study entry. Effort should be made to reduce to lowest tolerated steroid dose. Patients must be willing to use brief courses (at least 72 hours) of steroids as directed for potential inflammatory side effects of the therapy if recommended by their treating physician.
• GROWTH FACTORS - Patients must be off all colony-forming growth factor(s) for at least 14 days prior to enrollment (i.e. filgrastim, sargramostim or erythropoietin). Two (2) weeks must have elapsed if the patient received a long-acting formulation.
• PREGNANCY - Pregnant women or nursing mothers are excluded from this study because SurVaxM is an agent with the potential for teratogenic effects. Female patients of childbearing potential must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test. If the urine test is positive or cannot be confirmed as negative, a serum pregnancy test will be required.
• PREGNANCY PREVENTION - Patients of childbearing or child fathering potential must be willing to use a medically acceptable form of birth control, which includes abstinence, while being treated on this study.
• INFORMED CONSENT - The patient or parent/guardian is able to understand the consent and is willing to sign a written informed consent document according to institutional guidelines. Assent, when appropriate, will be obtained according to institutional guidelines.

Exclusion Criteria

• BREAST FEEDING WOMEN - Because there is an unknown but potential risk for adverse events in nursing infants secondary to treatment of the mother with SurVaxM breastfeeding should be discontinued if the mother is treated with SurVaxM. Female patients who are breastfeeding are not eligible for this study unless they agree not to breastfeed.
• CONCURRENT ILLNESS:
  • Active, uncontrolled infection requiring treatment (including HIV infection)
  • Patients with spinal cord primary tumors
  • Patients with relapsed or progressive DIPG or midline glioma
  • Patients with Grade I myxopapillary ependymoma
  • Patients with WHO Grade I or II gliomas are not eligible unless tumor is located within the pons or brainstem
  • Patients with active autoimmune disease or documented history of autoimmune disease/syndrome that requires ongoing systemic steroids or systemic immunosuppressive agents, with the exception of:
  • Patients with vitiligo or resolved asthma/atopy
  • Patients with hypothyroidism stable on hormone replacement or Sjogren's syndrome
  • History of or ongoing pneumonitis or significant interstitial lung disease
  • Patients with any clinically significant unrelated systemic illness (significant cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic or other organ dysfunction), that in the opinion of the investigator would compromise the patient's ability to tolerate protocol therapy, put them at additional risk for toxicity or would interfere with the study procedures or results.
  • Patients with a prior or concurrent malignancy whose natural history or treatment has the potential to interfere with the safety or efficacy assessment of the investigational regimen for this trial.
  • Any medical condition that, in the opinion of the Principal Investigator, would compromise the patient's ability to participate in the study.
• CONCOMITANT MEDICATIONS:
  • Patients who are receiving any other anti-cancer or investigational drug therapy are ineligible.
  • Patients who are receiving any cannabidiol (CBD) or medical marijuana treatment are ineligible.
  • Patients who have received the last vaccination of a live vaccine ≤ 30 days prior to enrollment are ineligible. Examples of live vaccines include, but are not limited to, the following: measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, yellow fever, rabies, BCG, and typhoid (oral) vaccine. Seasonal influenza vaccines for injection are generally killed virus vaccines and are allowed; however, intranasal influenza vaccines (e.g., Flu-Mist®) are live attenuated vaccines and must meet timeline for live vaccine.
  • Patients who have received an inactivated virus, peptide, or mRNA vaccine within 14 days of the start of protocol therapy are ineligible.
  • Patients may not be on immunosuppressive therapy, including corticosteroids (except as defined in the corticosteroids inclusion criteria) at time of enrollment. However, patients who require intermittent use of bronchodilators, local steroid injections, or topical steroids will not be excluded from the study.
  • Patients may not be receiving concomitant chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, radiosurgery, interferon, allergy desensitization injections, growth factors, interleukins, or any investigational therapeutic medication at the time of enrollment.
• INABILITY TO PARTICIPATE: Patients who in the opinion of the investigator are unwilling or unable to return for required follow-up visits or obtain follow-up studies required to assess toxicity of therapy or to adhere to drug administration plan, other study procedures, and study restrictions.
• ALLERGY: Known allergy or hypersensitivity to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH), granulocyte colony-macrophage stimulating factor (sargramostim) or MRI contrast agent.
• BLEEDING DISORDER: Patients with a known coagulopathy or bleeding diathesis or requires the use of systemic, anticoagulant medication are not eligible.
• BULKY DISEASE: Patients with bulky tumor on imaging are ineligible. Bulky tumor is defined as any of the following:
  • Tumor with evidence of clinically significant uncal herniation causing midbrain compression or midline shift greater than 5 mm
  • Tumor with a diameter >4cm in one dimension on T2/FLAIR
  • Tumor that in the opinion of the site investigator, shows significantly rapid progression of mass effect in either the brain or spinal cord such that the priming phase of vaccination (i.e., 6 weeks) cannot be completed before clinical deterioration is likely to occur.